PRESSURE
1 Bar = 0.987 atmospheres
= 750.1 mm Hg
= 14.50 pound/sq inch
= 1.020 kg force/sq cm
1 kg force/sq cm = 14.22 pounds/sq inch
1 pound/sq inch = 0.070 kg force/sq inch
HEAT AND ENERGY
1 megajoule = 238.8 kilocalories
= 947.8 British Thermal Units
= 0.278 kilowatt hours
1 terajoule = 0.00002388 Mtoe
1 kilocalorie = 3.968 Btu
= 4186 joules
= 1.163 x 10-3 kWh
1 kilowatt hour = 859.8 kilocalories
= 3412 Btu
1 million Btu = 1055 megajoule
= 2520 megacalories
= 293.1 kilowatt hours
1 ton of oil equivalent = 10000000 kilocalories
(toe) = 41.868 gigajoules
= 40.047 x 106 BTU
= 42.244 GJ
INTERFUEL CONVERSION FACTOR
Whilst individual crudes, coals and gases vary widely in quality, certain standard
qualities are often assumed for statistical purposes:
Reference Barrel Oil Ton Oil Ton Coal 1,000 Cubic
Fuel Equivalent Equivalent Equivalent Feet Natural
Gas
Calorific 5.8x106 43x106 7x106 1x106
Value Btu gross Btu gross Kcal net Btu gross
Conversion 1 0.14 0.21 5.8
Factors 7.41 1 1.57 43.0
4.71 0.64 1 27.3
0.17 0.02 0.04 1
---------------------------------------------------
Based on these qualities, the following equivalent rates ofconsumption
can be used with reasonable accuracy:
---------------------------------------------------
LNG NG OIL OIL COAL
t/y 106 mmcF/d toe/y boe/y tce/y
109 Nm3/y
-----------------------------------------------------------------
1 1.41 1.22 25 1.9
0.71 1 0.87 18 39
0.82 1.15 1 20 1.55
0.04 0.056 0.049 1 0.076
0.53 0.74 0.64 13 1
---------------------------------------------------------
CALORIFIC VALUE
1 magajoule/cu m = 25.84 Btu/cu ft
1 megajoule per normal = 25.368 BTU per standard cubic feet
cubic meter (BTU/SCF)
= 2.388 x 102 kilocalorie per normal
cubic meter (kcal/Nm3)
1 kilocalorie/cu m = 0.016 Btu/cu ft
1 megajoule/kg = 429.9 Btu/pound
1 kilocalorie = 1.8 Btu/pound (exact)
1 Btu/cu ft = 37.38 kilojoules/cu m
= 9.410 kilocalories/cu m
1 Btu/pound = 2.326 kilojoules/kg
= 0.556 kilocalories/kg
ENERGY VALUES
Btu per lb:
wood: green 4,400
dry 7,310
peat, sod 6,200
lignite 9,000
coke 12,100
coal: bituminous 13,000
anthracite 14,500
oil: fuel 18,500
gas 19,500
=============================================================
NATURAL GAS AND OTHER ENERGY EQUIVALENTS
The following are quick-reference equivalents. All figures are
APROXIMATE VALUES only for use where precision is not required.
They are based on:
(i) for natural gas:
1,000 Btu/ft3 = 9,500 kcal/m3 (Groningen gas 8,400 kcal/m3)
(ii) for LPG:
an assumed 50/50 propane/butane mixture with (r) or (p) indicating that
the LPG is either refrigerated or pressurised.
(iii) calorific values, MMBtu (gross):
per tonne - LNG 51.8; LPG 47.3; oil 42.3; coal 27.3
per barrel - LNG 3.8; LPG (r) 4.45; LPG (p) 4.1; oil 5.8
per cubic metre - LNG 23.8; LPG (r) 28; LPG (p) 25.8
Natural Gas: Cubic Metre Equivalents
---------------------------------------------------------
1 mrd m3 Natural Gas per Year
per year = 0.04 Tcf gas (38 trillion Btu)
= 890 000 tonnes oil
= 800 000 tonnes LPG
= 725 000 tonnes LNG
= 1.4 million tonnes coal
per day = 100 million ft3 gas
= 17 800 barrels oil
= 23 200 barrels LPG (r)
= 25 200 barrels LPG (p)
= 27 200 barrels LNG
1 million m3 Natural Gas per Day
per year = 0.014 Tcf gas (14 trillion Btu)
= 325 000 tonnes oil
= 290 000 tonnes LPG
= 265 000 tonnes LNG
= 500 000 tonnes coal
per day = 37 million ft3 gas
= 6 500 barrels oil
= 8 500 barrels LPG (r)
= 9 200 barrels LPG (p)
= 9 900 barrels LNG
1 m3 Groningen gas = 0.88 m3 (9 500 kcal)
1 m3 (9 500 kcal) = 1.13 m3 Groningen gas
|